by

გამოთქმა: /bʌɪ/

Universal

1identifying the agent performing an action:
after a passive verb:the door was opened by my cousin Annie damage caused by fire
after a noun denoting an action:a clear decision by the electorate years of hard fund-raising work by local people
identifying the author of a text, idea, or work of art:a book by Ernest Hemingway

2 [often with verbal noun] indicating the means of achieving something:malaria can be controlled by attacking the parasite they substantiate their opinions by the use of precise textual reference they plan to provide further working capital by means of borrowing
indicating a term to which an interpretation is to be assigned:what is meant by ‘fair’?
indicating a name according to which a person is known:she mostly calls me by my last name
indicating the means of transport selected for a journey:the cost of travelling by bus I travelled to Folkestone by rail
indicating the other parent of someone’s child or children:Richard is his son by his third wife
indicating the sire of a pedigree animal, especially a horse:a black filly by Goldfuerst
(followed by a noun without a determiner) in various phrases indicating how something happens:I heard by chance that she has married again Anderson, by contrast, rejects this view she ate by candlelight

3indicating the amount or size of a margin:the shot missed her by miles the raising of VAT by 2.5%
indicating a quantity or amount:billing is by the minute the drunken yobbos who turned up by the cartload
in phrases indicating something happening repeatedly or progressively, typically with repetition of a unit of time:colours changing minute by minute the risk becomes worse by the day
identifying a parameter:a breakdown of employment figures by age and occupation
expressing multiplication, especially in dimensions:a map measuring 400 by 600 mm she multiplied it by 89

4indicating a deadline or the end of a particular time period:I’ve got to do this report by Monday by now Kelly needed extensive physiotherapy

5indicating location of a physical object beside a place or object:remains were discovered by the roadside the pram was by the dresser
past and beyond:I drove by our house

6indicating the period in which something happens:this animal always hunts by night

7concerning; according to:anything you do is all right by me she had done her duty by him

8used in mild oaths:it was the least he could do, by God I swear by Almighty God

Universal

so as to go past:a car flashed by on the other side of the road he let only a moment go by

Universal

by and by: before long; eventually.
by the by (or bye): incidentally:where’s Hector, by the by?
by and large: on the whole; everything considered:mammals have, by and large, bigger brains than reptiles
[originally in nautical use, describing the handling of a ship both to the wind and off it]
by oneself
by way of: see way.

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